Nonlocal transfer
In unrestricted closures, we can use the break
, continue
, and
return
statements.
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { System.out.println(i); if (i == 2) { ==> break; }.invoke(); }
These statements are always lexically bound, i.e. they are bound in the context in which the closure is declared (as opposite to invoked). So, the following code will print numbers from <1,10> that are not multiples of 3.
static void m(int i, { int => boolean } cond, { ==> void } block) { if (cond.invoke(i)) { block.invoke(); } } public static void main(String[] args) { for (int i = 1; i < 10; i++) { // continue is bound to the for loop m(i, { int i => i % 3 == 0 }, { ==> continue; }); System.out.println(i); } }
The return
statement returns from the bound method.
static int m1() { // return here means "return from m1" m2({ double d ==> if (d < 0.5) return 1; }); return 0; } static void m2({ double ==> void } p) { // the closure invocation can cause return from m1 p.invoke(Math.random()); }
If the bound method is not active at the time when we call the closure with the return
statement, we will get the UnmatchedTransfer exception. For example:
// any type can be used as the return type of p in this // example because the closure always returns earlier // so, p can be declared also as static { ==> int } p; static { ==> boolean } p; static int m1() { p = { ==> return 1; }; return 0; } public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println(m1()); System.out.println(p.invoke()); }
Unrestricted closures are useful when declaring "statement-like" methods.
static void withLock(Lock lock, { ==> void } block) { try { lock.lock(); block.invoke(); } finally { lock.unlock(); } } public static void main(String[] args) { Lock guard = new ReentrantLock(); double d = Math.random(); withLock(guard) { if (d < 0.5) { return; } ... } }
13 comments:
This example is confusing. What is p.invoke() supposed to return?
static { ==> int } p;
static int m1() {
p = { ==> return 1; };
return 0;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(m1());
System.out.println(p.invoke());
}
I would suggest:
static { ==> Nothing } p;
....
System.out.println(m1());
p.invoke();
p.invoke() does not return anything because the closure always ends with the return statement that is bound to the enclosing method. The closure can have any return type (int, Nothing, void,...) in such case.
That is why I wrote "This example is confusing". IMHO you need to revise it.
Perhaps it is confusing but Nothing is not a better choice in my opinion.
Regarding the question "what is p.invoke() supposed to return?": it is expected to return int because p is of type { ==> int }. Even closures that are supposed to return a value can use the return statement. This is shown in 'p = { ==> return 1; };'. If you call such a closure in right context, the missing return value will not cause any problem. But if you call it in wrong context (as is done in the example), you will get the UnmatchedTransfer exception.
Another example of UnmatchedTransfer exception:
static { ==> int } p;
static int m1() {
p = { ==> if (Math.random() < 0.5) return 1; 2 };
return 0;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(m1());
System.out.println(p.invoke());
}
I am not sure I should continue this discussion... You do not seem to see the problem.
In the latest example the semantics of p are "In the correct context,, if some random number is less than 0.5 then return from m1 with the value 1; otherwise the expression evaluates to 2."
Because both p and m1 return an integer, the type annotations in the example do not help readers to understand the semantics of p. In other words, that example is confusing. It relies on information found elsewhere (what does return do when it is found in a closure? what does a single value at the end of the closure body do?) for its interpretation.
A good example is self-documenting, does not rely on much prior knowledge from the reader for understanding. I suggest that using the appropriate type for the return value of p (in that case, Nothing) would make the example in the article better.
Well that was my last post here, I will quit complaining now.
"what does return do when it is found in a closure?"
This is explained in the example that preceeds the example you find confusing.
"what does a single value at the end of the closure body do?"
The "confusing" example is not supposed to explain this. The example is, as is clearly stated in the text, about the UnmatchedTransfer exception.
As for Nothing, it is not common to use it as return type in a function type. Its primary use is in compiler generated code.
"int" is overloaded in this example, Dennis is right that this creates ambiguity.
"Nothing" (or anything apart from int) would easily make it clear as to where "return 1;" is actually returning.
Hi Dimitris,
I agree with you that you must think when you read this example. But does it contain anything that has not been explained before? Definitely no because the semantics of 'return' should be known from the previous example.
Anyway, to make you happy, I changed the example slightly.
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